The site introduced Magnet links back in 2009, and had recently made them the default option for downloading material. On Tuesday, The Pirate Bay said it was no longer linking directly to .torrent files at all.
Magnet links fulfil much of the same function as .torrent files, in that they tell the user's BitTorrent client to start downloading a certain movie or album. Whereas the downloader's BitTorrent client would use a tiny .torrent file to calculate a hash, or fingerprint, of the files that are to be downloaded, the Magnet link is just a plain-text string that already contains that hash.
Precursors Torrent Download [Torrent]
"Since the magnet links are just a hash, it's on every single torrent detail page, so no-one knows that you actually downloaded a file or not," The Pirate Bay (TPB) wrote. "This means that no-one can block torrent files without blocking data within a webpage."
The downside of Magnet links as that they often make for slower downloading than is possible with .torrent files. This is because the download client needs to use the hash to retrieve metadata from the network, in order to see what files match.
This article explains an LCA methodology for the product stage and the construction process of torrent control structures following existing standards. The iterative approach of LCA methodology (ISO, 2006a) was used to record all important processes of the system and to supplement missing information. The LCA methodology has been developed from existing standards of the construction and product sector. Since the production of some construction materials takes place locally, the generic data, for Austria, was adapted. Wood inherent biogenic carbon and primary energy, used as raw material, are treated as materials inherent properties (CEN, 2014). The contribution of the various processes was reproduced by hotspot.
The purpose of this study is to examine the applicability of the existing LCA methods of the other building disciplines. There are two important standards, which deal with the assessment of environmental performance of buildings. EN 15978 (CEN 2011) defines the calculation method of construction works and EN 15804 (CEN 2013) the calculation method for construction products. This study applies these standards to the field of torrent control structures to answer following questions:
The study is designed to collect data and analyze processes that are important during the product and construction stage (Fig. 2). The aim is to screen the most important as well as negligible processes as well as system boundaries of these structures. The study is intended as basis for the further development of a methodological approach (cradle to grave) of LCA for torrent control structures and to give planners the possibility to decide how to build torrent control structures, not only on a constructive and monetary but also on an ecological level.
Each torrent has different characteristics. Accordingly, individual protection measures are required for each project. These protective measures are ensured by different structures made of different materials. This makes it necessary to look at the entire protection system when planning torrent control structures. The complexity of each protection system makes it look different. Due to the individuality and complexity of the protection systems, it is not possible to create a comparative LCA for different protection systems. In the generation of the screening LCAs, the entire protection systems were examined with all the structures included. Thus, the functional unit is one protection system.
According to EN 15978 (CEN 2011), the end of life of buildings is reached when all components and materials that have to be removed from the site have been removed. The big difference between buildings and torrent control structures is that the torrent control structures have reached their end of life after loss of functionality and then go directly into nature as a landfill. Thus, the material inert CO2 is returned to the natural cycle and the energy contained in the material is not used any further. This means that the module D (Fig. 2) can be neglected by the missing reuse, and all disposal processes are represented in the system boundary by module C4.
LCA studies in the field of torrent and avalanche control are very rare. For this reason, this screening study was carried out. The study focuses on establishing system boundaries, identifying cutoff criteria and workable data sources as well as process hotspots.
One of the few examples of LCA in the field of torrent and avalanche control provides the study of Noda (Noda et al. 2014). Noda describes in its publication the LCA of three different types of check dam. Since these structures are not identical to those of this study and a different functional unit and database is used, the results are not directly comparable. In addition, transport processes to the construction site were completely neglected. However, what does show parallels is the share of product and construction process stage in relation to the overall emissions. According to Noda, 90% of CO2 emission of the concrete structure is emitted in the product stage. This statement can be confirmed by this study. In its timber construction, 75% of CO2 emissions are caused by the production of construction materials. In this study, this is much less, because the emission factors of wood are different.
The focus of this article is on the analysis of the potential environmental impacts of the construction of torrent control structures. In the study, a method for calculating the impacts of the product stage and the construction stage are demonstrated. This method was developed on the basis of existing standards and databases. It is shown where the environmental hotspots and thus associated savings in these special structures are.
Due to the differences between conventional buildings and torrent control structures, other processes are becoming more important. The biggest difference is that torrent control structures are hard to compare and do not need any energy for their operation. As a result, the construction stage gains in importance. Due to this difference, the focus of the calculation falls on the construction stage and requires other rules of calculation. 2ff7e9595c
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